India's Largest
Ideas Festival

Alexander MacDonald is the Chief Economist at NASA. He was previously the Senior Economic Advisor in the Office of the Administrator and was the founding program executive of NASA's Emerging Space Office within the Office of the Chief Technologist. He is also a former executive staff specialist on commercial space at NASA�s Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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As a regular speaker at TED conferences he is known for his work with digital technologies to create immersive, and often astonishing, experiences. Marco is continually looking for innovative ways to use technology to broadcast information and engage audience attention.  Marco Tempest has a proven record of using digital technologies to communicate with audiences in astonishing ways. ‘We are competing for attention and those with the most captivating messages will win'.

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Prior to founding SilverLining, Wanser co-founded—and currently serves as Senior Advisor to—the University of Washington Marine Cloud Brightening Project, an effort to research and understand one possible form of climate intervention: the effects of particles on clouds and climate. Wanser is an Advisor to Dendra Systems, a company that deploys automation (including aerial drones) and artificial intelligence to restore natural ecosystems. She is also a member of the President's Circle of the National Academy of Sciences, where she works with prominent scientists and science funders to advance strategic priorities for the nation.

Wanser previously served as a strategic advisor to national environmental and energy groups, assisting with ocean-climate risk efforts at Ocean Conservancy and developing industry strategy for fusion energy for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Prior to that, she worked in the technology sector, founding companies in IT infrastructure, security, and networking. Early in her career she served as a corporate strategy consultant in London and taught Economics and Philosophy as a volunteer at St. John’s College in Belize City. Wanser holds degrees in economics and philosophy from Boston College and the University of Oxford.

Smita is a TED fellow, TED Speaker and an IWMF reporting fellow. For Stolen Lives, her in-depth work documenting sex trafficking in India and Bangladesh for National Geographic Magazine, she received the Amnesty International Media UK award and the Fetisov Journalism Award, Switzerland . Her work has been published in various places like The New York Times, TIME, ELLE UK, The Wall Street Journal, amongst many others and exhibited globally including at the UN Headquarters in New York. She is actively engaged in public speaking, victim advocacy and international public education.

Robert Katzschmann is an Assistant Professor of Robotics at ETH Zurich. Robert earned his Diplom-?Ingenieur in 2013 from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 2018 from the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2018

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Deepa Unnikrishnan aka Dee MC is a prominent figure in the Indian hip hop community. Having represented India internationally in UK (Alchemy Festival by Southbank Centre), Canada (DesiFest) as well as Belgium(La Belle Hip Hop Festival), Dee appeared as herself in the film "Gully Boy" released in 2019. She has also been the editor-in-chief of South Asia's leading hip hop website DesiHipHop.com, where she continues to write and run her own talk show 'The Fifth Element'. Her music reflects her own journey, while at the same time touching upon issues that concern society at large. Apart from her stride of TV shows such as MTV Hustle Season 2, Rising Star on Colors and Antisocial on MTV, Dee has crooned for Bollywood hits such as ‘Jagga Jiteya’ from the film URI, ‘Shuru Karein Kya’ from Article 15 and title track of the movie 'BLUR'.

Dee MC has been independently releasing music since 2012. In 2019, she released her much awaited debut album ‘Dee=MC²’ produced by Sunit Music. Tracks like 'Rang' and 'Vadhaiyaan' from the album speak about brown skin prejudice and social injustice, women empowerment respectively. The album is an ode from their end to the burgeoning hip hop community worldwide, and aims to spread the message of unity and movement through conscious hip hop music. Since then Dee has released two more EPs titled 'Naseeb' and 'MMM' among other singles.

Her debut album ‘Dee=MC²’ produced by Sunit Music charted #17 on Apple Music under Hip Hop genre. Dee has also worked with numerous brands including Puma, Converse, Nykaa, Glow & Lovely, NBA, Uber, Bacardi, Mahindra, Maruti Suzuki, Skechers, Myntra, Jabong, Global Desi among others. She is currently the face of the brand Mia by Tanishq. She has also been featured on Vogue India as well as Cosmopolitan India for her outstanding work.

Laxminarayan is founder and director of the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) in Washington, D.C. and New Delhi, and a senior research scholar at Princeton University. He is an affiliate professor at the University of Washington and a visiting professor at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland and at the University of Kwazulu Natal in South Africa.

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Moran Cerf is an Israeli neuroscientist, assistant professor of business (at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University), investor and a former white hat hacker. He is the founder of Think-Alike and B-Cube and the host and curator of PopTech, one of the top 5 leading conferences in the world. Cerf is also the president and co-founder of the Human Single Neuron society. As of 2013, he is a member of the institute on complex systems. Cerf has received numerous awards including the Templeton Foundation "Extraordinary Minds" award, and the Chicagoan award. Recently, he was named one of the "40 leading professors below 40". He has won several national storytelling competitions, notably, the Moth Grandslam, multiple times.Cerf is the Alfred P. Sloan screenwriting professor at the American Film Institute (AFI) where he teaches an annual workshop on science in films. He is also a science consultant to Hollywood films and TV series (Limitless, Bull, Falling Water, etc.). He has spoken publicly on topics of neuroscience, business, decision making and hacking (TED, PopTech, Google, TEDx, TED-Ed) and his views on the risks of hacking into humans' brains are often appearing in the media.

She champions the development of digital healthtechnologies and has co-developed digital platforms for decentralized healthcare in Singapore’s public healthcare sector. Blasiak is a co-author of an upcoming Johns Hopkins University Press book Medicine without Meds:Transforming Patient Care with Digital Therapies. In addition to her current domain in digital health, Blasiak has a strong expertise in neurotechnology: from a collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline to model neurodegenerative diseases in vitro to developing neural interfaces for artificial prosthesis.

Mohit Raj is the founder of Project Second Chance, India. Conceptualised in April 2017, PSC is the first of its kind intervention that is working on reimagining prisons in India by putting the onus of new ideas and solutions into the hands of committed stakeholders close to the problem, especially people with incarceration backgrounds where prisoners/ex- prisoners become social entrepreneurs to solve the systemic issues of prisons.

Project Second Chance fellows are working on various systemic issues like Mental health of prisoners and staff, Post Release Support to released prisoners, Pre trial process to explore alternatives to imprisonment etc. From a Phd in Prisoner Rehabilitation to an Ex-prisoner who spent 5 years and completed MSW inside prison from IGNOU, the Second Chance fellows are advocating for better reforms and laws, and unleashing the agency of stakeholders to create sustainable and scalable entrepreneurial interventions which are further incubated.

Since 2017, 25+ fellows have graduated till now, 7 interventions incubated, 4 being separate institutions who have collectively worked with 11000+ prisoners for the past 5 years.

Arun Sundararajan is the Harold Price Professor of Entrepreneurship and Professor of Technology, Operations and Statistics at New York University’s (NYU) Stern School of Business, and an affiliated faculty member at many of NYU’s interdisciplinary research centers, including the Center for Data Science. His best-selling and award-winning book, “The Sharing Economy,” was published by the MIT Press in 2016, and has been translated into Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese and Vietnamese.Professor Sundararajan's research studies how digital technologies transform business, government and civil society. His current focus is on the future of capitalism, artificial intelligence and platform-enabled change, antitrust policy in tech, and the digital future of work. He has published over 50 scientific papers in peer-reviewed academic journals and conferences, and over 40 op-eds in outlets that include The New York Times, The Financial Times, The Guardian, Wired, Le Monde, Bloomberg View, Fortune, Entrepreneur, The Economic Times, Harvard Business Review and Quartz. His scholarship has been recognized by seven Best Paper awards, two Google Faculty awards, an Axiom Best Business Books Award, and a Thinkers50 Radar Thinker Award. He has given hundreds of keynote, plenary and invited talks at industry, government and academic forums internationally. Watch his 2016 Davos panel. He has provided expert input about the digital economy as testimony to the United States Congress, the European Parliament, the United Nations, federal government agencies that include the Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the Federal Trade Commission, the National Economic Council, the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, San Francisco and Atlanta, the US Department of Labor and the White House, and numerous state and city legislative bodies. He is a widely sought-after commentator by top media platforms. Keep up with his latest views and opinions.Arun has been a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Councils on Technology, Values and Policy and the New Economic Agenda. He is an advisor to numerous organizations that include the National Academy of Science, the Carnegie Council, the City of New York, the City of Seoul, Walmart Corporation, Rally Rd., the Female Founders Fund, the Internet Society of China, OuiShare, Samasource, the National League of Cities, and the Royal Society for the Arts. He works with tech companies on issues of strategy, litigation and regulation, and with non-tech companies trying to understand how to forecast and address changes induced by digital technologies. He teaches in executive education programs in the U.S., Europe and Asia about artificial intelligence, platform strategy, the future of work and network science. He teaches full-time MBA students about hi-tech entrepreneurship, undergraduates about networks, crowds and markets, and doctoral students about digital economics. He is an occasional angel investor.

Abha Narain Lambah (born 1970) is an Indian conservation architect whose eponymous architectural practice has restored several of India's UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Ajanta Caves, Golconda Fort and Mahabodhi Temple, and Mumbai's Victorian buildings like the Crawford Market, Royal Opera House, Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall and Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue.

The firm's work has been recognised by 10 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. In 2007 her work of the Conservation of the Chamba Lakhang Buddha Temple in Basgo Ladakh won the Award of Excellence and the Convocation Hall Mumbai University the Award of Distinction UNESCO Asia Pacific Awards. In 2017, their restoration work on the Royal Opera House, India's only surviving opera house, was given the Award of Merit under the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation.[5]Their ongoing projects are the restoration of the Mughal Garden of Shalimar Bagh Kashmir, Preparation of UNESCO Nomination for the Mughal Gardens of Kashmir; Sarnath Kashi and Rabindranath's Santiniketan and Management Plan for Le Corbusier's historic Chandigarh Capitol Complex in Punjab.[6]Abha has been on the Expert Committee for the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum and Mentor Indian Museum Kolkata. The practice has over the last 25 years, focused on museum projects across the country that include Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Mumbai, Chowmahalla Palace Museum Hyderabad, Jaivilas Palace Museum Gwalior, Lalbagh Palace Museum Indore, Bharatpur Museum, Jaipur Metro Museum, Anand Bhavan Allahabad, Nehru Memorial Library & Museum Delhi, Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Mumbai and Russia’s oldest museum, the Kunstkamera. She is currently working on the Museums of Freedom & Kashmir at Delhi’s Red Fort Delhi, Balasaheb Thackeray Rashtriya Smarak and Alpaiwala Museum of the Parsis. She serves on the Governing Council INTACH and was Jury Chair – ADC Awards New York and juror Golden Trezzini Awards.

Rives (born 1968) is an American poet, storyteller, and author. He appeared on Seasons 3-6 of HBO's Def Poetry Jam and was a member of Team Hollywood, which won the 2004 National Poetry Slam. His best-known poems include "Kite," about waking up alone in a new lover's apartment, and "Mockingbird," which he performs differently every time, incorporating the words of other poets and speakers in the program.

In 2008, Rives hosted the television special Ironic Iconic America with Tommy Hilfiger and Bar Refaeli, examining how pop culture has influenced American tastes and styles. In October of that year, he began appearing as the "first 2.0 poet" in a series of ads for telecom company Orange S.A.

Rives has made multiple appearances at the TED Conference and is the regular co-host of TEDYouth. His multimedia performances touch on themes of connectedness, wordplay, and romance. In 2013, Rives began curating the Museum of Four in the Morning, an online crowd-sourced collection of references to the time, 04:00 am, in art and popular culture.

Rives has written and paper engineered several pop-up books for children and adults. Early in his career, Rives worked at Intervisual Books, under the leadership of Waldo Hunt. Two pop-up books, with paper engineering by Rives, were finalists for the Movable Book Society Meggendorfer Prize for Best Paper Engineering: The Consummate Cigar Book in 2000 and If I Were a Polar Bear in 2002.

Daniel Bögre Udell's goal is to create a world in which everyone has the resources and the right to keep their language alive. He cofounded Wikitongues in 2014, establishing a global volunteer movement to expand access to language revitalization. Wikitongues safeguards endangered languages, expands access to linguistic resources, and directly supports new and early-stage language revitalization projects.

Prior to this, Bögre Udell was a web developer and an active contributor to the nonprofit news initiative Global Voices, cofounding the project's Catalan language edition and translating Catalan articles into English. He has a BFA in design and technology and a master's degree in historical studies from the New School University in New York City. In addition to his native English, he speaks Spanish, Catalan, and Portuguese. His ancestral languages are Yiddish, Hebrew, Hungarian, and Scottish Gaelic.

Rashid completed his MBA in International Business following his undergraduate degree B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering. He enjoys promoting global sustainability and social service by developing innovative technology for the welfare of mankind. Rashid also listed in Forbes30Under30 of 2023, and awarded with Government of India's Swachhata Startup Challenge Award 2022, Economic Times Social Enterprise Award 2021, The Hindu Business Line - Young Change Maker Award 2020, National Startup Award 2020 and Infosys Aarohan Social Innovation Award 2019.

Anirudh Krishna (PhD in Government, Cornell University, 2000; Masters in Economics, Delhi University, 1980) is Professor of Public Policy and Political Science at Duke University. His research investigates how poor communities and individuals in developing countries cope with the structural and personal constraints that result in poverty and powerlessness.

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Dr. Radhika Batra is a Pediatrician and Neonatalogist in New Delhi, India. She is the Founder and President of Every Infant Matters, a non profit organisation dedicated to the upliftment of disadvantaged children, worldwide. Its flagship programme is preventing blindness in children by improving nutrition and dispensing vitamin A. Since it’s inception in 2017 EIM has successfully prevented blindness in more than 280,000 malnourished children across India, Nigeria, Philippines, Kenya and the Dominican Republic. Aside from that they work in areas pertaining to maternal well being, deworming of children, counselling young mothers regarding good practices in childhood, removing stigma, promoting gender equality and have focused a lot of their energy into covid relief in the last three years. A big part of their work involves advocacy with stakeholders and educating communities to reduce instances of gender based violence, female genital mutilation and protection of young girls from sexual predators in African and Indian communities. She is a Law Changer at Thrive Global where she works towards international policy making in the field of women’s rights.

Radhika believes in inclusion and health equality and wants to ensure ubiquitous access to healthcare for all. She is has received the Women Transforming India Award for the year 2021 by the Govt of India and United Nations and is a Forbes Asia 30 under 30 honouree, a TEDx Speaker , a One Young World ambassador, a Trust Changemaker with the Thomson Reuters Foundation, WEDU Rising Star and Changemaker, and a Global Peace Index Ambassador for the Institute for Economics and Peace, Sydney. She is a prolific writer and has contributed commentaries to various internationally acclaimed platforms including Project Syndicate, HuffPost, Medium and The Times of India. She loves mentoring students and youngsters in different walks of life. She has delivered several guest lectures, conducted workshops on social entrepreneurship and has been on the jury for on campus rounds of the prestigious Hult Prize at several reputed universities across India and abroad.  She has spoken extensively to global audiences on topics ranging from Child welfare, Women Empowerment, COVID care and control and Social entrepreneurship at several Multinational companies and reputed universities ( including the IITs , Delhi University Colleges, NIT’s ). She has also delivered a TedX Talk, spoken at the One Young World Summit at Hague, and worked alongside the London Speaker Bureau.

She was also awarded a “Prashasti Patra” ( Apprecition Certificate) from the Government of India  and the National Doctor’s Day Award for the year 2021, by the Indian Medical Association for expemplary services rendered in the COVID19 Pandemic. Very recently, she was awarded the Global Goals Goalkeeper Award by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in recognition of her work in advancing the SDG’s.

Dr. Michelle Drouin is a behavioral scientist (B.A. Cornell University, D.Phil. University of Oxford), Professor at Purdue Fort Wayne, Senior Research Scientist at Parkview Health, and founder and CEO of Forensic Psychology Consultants. Dr. Drouin’s research focuses on the integration of technology into relationships, families, and healthcare, including a focus on sexuality. Drouin’s research has attracted international attention, and she regularly does interviews for television, radio, newspapers, and magazines. Her research has been cited in prominent news sources including CNN, NPR, MSNBC, CBS News, The New York Times, Huffington Post, Reuters, Men’s Health, Parenting Magazine, and Psychology Today.

Drouin covers topics of global concern, citing international research on the value and appropriateness of touch, the future of medicine, and trends in happiness, sex, and mental health worldwide. This includes a focus on the COVID pandemic and the different ways in which countries responded to this crisis and its reverberating effects on love and intimacy.

Dr. Drouin has decades of research focused on technology and relationships, and in her book "Out of Touch: How to Survive an Intimacy Famine" she adeptly shifts the conversation from technology being a detriment to society to critically examining the ways in which technology might also be used to enrich human relationships. In a post-COVID era, where people need to adjust from being closed and divided to once again embracing loved ones, neighbors, and colleagues, this book serves as a reminder of the ways in which touch and intimacy help to fulfill basic human needs.

With a focus on humans and the way they develop, Dr. Drouin offers a unique perspective on the ways in which humans interact with others through their lifetimes and the challenges and triumphs they face as they tackle friendships, dating, marriages, and growing old in an increasingly tech-fueled world.

Tharanga Goonetilleke is a soprano opera singer who was born in Badulla, Sri Lanka, but grew up in Ratmalana. Her singing ability was noticed by a music professor from Converse College while he was visiting Sri Lanka. She is the first woman from Sri Lanka to attend the Juilliard School, one of the world's leading music schools. She lives in New York City, and her career in opera has received international attention.

In 1998, Goonetilleke made her singing debut with the Symphony Orchestra of Sri Lanka (SOSL), after winning the SOSL concerto vocal competition in 1998. In 2010, she became a member of New York City Opera and has since performed in numerous operas such as Il trittico, Dialogues of the Carmelites, La bohème, Die Zauberflöte, Iphigénie en Aulide, and Ariodante.She has also performed in concerts in the United States, Europe, India and South Korea. Her 2011 concert tour in India was considered "timely" by the Sri Lankan High Commission in India since it helped foster a cultural dialogue between the two countries.

He is currently the Chair of Technical Group on Radiant Cooling in ISHRAE (Indian Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers) and is actively involved in various R&D activities in this space in India.

In our society, every parent wants their child to be like Sharmaji Ka LadkaIn the life of Ishpreet Balbir, he was Sharmaji ka LadkaIn spite of acing school and topping college, Ishpreet still felt lost.In his childhood, he always wanted to be a cricketer, well who didn't? But once he realized he wasn't as good as he thought, he shifted toward becoming a criminal lawyer.As fate would have it, that too didn't work out.Society thinks Sharmaji Ka Ladka always has it easy, Ishpreet was the exception to the rule.But he found his calling by letting his thoughts flow on paper.Today, he works as a Creative Director with one of India's biggest digital networks, has worked with some of the top brands in the country, and has won both national and international awards.A spoken word artist, poet, and storyteller, he goes by the name 'Likhaee' on Instagram with a strong following of over 180K.He has also performed at TEDx and IIT Bombay, and his videos on Tape A Tale, Spill Poetry, Kommune, and Unerase have reached millions of people.His greatest strength is his ability to observe and identify unique human behaviour and weave a compelling narrative through his words. He has spoken about Sex Education, Gender Identity, Life Loss through his work. An enthu cutlet in the true sense, he believes words have the power to change minds.Creative Director during in the day and Storyteller by the night with hopes to be Batman one day, if you would ask him what does he do? He would say, “I write for a living, and I write for living”

He was recently seen in Anuv Jain’s new music video titled ‘Mazaak’. He is a Tedx Speaker and has performed multiple times at the Thespo Festival which happens at Prithvi Theatre. He wrote the play 'Dum Biryani' which premiered at the Digital Theatre Festival, and wrote & directed the play 'Kheer' which was part of a curated list of plays in a show called Microtheatre which has had multiple sold out shows.

He has acted in sketch comedy videos for FilterCopy as well as a bunch of short films, music videos and commercials for brands like McDonald’s, PayTM and Mountain Dew. He has performed at several festivals like Spoken Fest, Social Nation and Lil Flea. He also conducts writing and performance workshops which have been attended by hundreds of young writers.

Her writing revolves around existential-realism and her poetry is featured across the country through performances and workshops. She holds an infectious belief in her ‘access for all’ ideology and aims to work in spaces that reflect that. Foram currently spends her time freelancing as a marketing and content consultant with a variety of industries and brands.

Shraddha has been in existence since last 35 years. Shraddha rescues wandering mentally ill destitutes, brings them to it’s Karjat center and provides them food, care, shelter and appropriate psychiatric treatment. Once psychiatric wellbeing is achieved (often taking 2-3 months), these destitutes are helped in tracing out their antecedents, from wherein the reunion with the original family and native home takes place. The institution deals only with destitutes wandering helplessly on the streets and whose antecedents are not known. Since its inception, over 10000 mentally-ill roadside destitutes have been successfully reunited with their families in far flung villages and towns of States such as Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Kashmir, Assam and the farthest corners of the nation.

All these services, from the moment they are rescued from the streets till the time they are reunited with their families in their native village, are rendered absolutely free of cost.

Growth Chart of Shraddha: Starting from a two-room tenement, Shraddha held a mammoth fundraising Art Exhibition at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai in 1993. From the funds collected, it set up its first exclusive Rehabilitation Center in 1997 in Mumbai itself. Subsequently, inspired by the legendary social worker Baba Amte, Shraddha set up a huge Rehabilitation Center in 2006 on a 6.5 acre plot of land in Karjat, Raigad District, on the outskirts of Mumbai, India, where at any given time 120 plus mentally ill destitutes could be sheltered.Dr Bharat Vatwani was bestowed with the Ramon Magsaysay Award (considered to be Asia’s Nobel Prize) in 2018 for his unwavering commitment outstanding work for the cause.

Education: Doctor of Psychological Medicine – DPM along with Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery from Grant Medical College & Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai & Doctor of Psychological Medicine – MD from Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai.

Dr. Piyachart Phiromswad’s research interests are related to four types of inevitable disruptions which are i) demographic disruption (focusing on the third demographic dividend), digital disruption (focusing on understanding emerging technology acceptance), economic disruption (focusing on business cycle management) and environmental disruption. Other than this, Dr. Piyachart also worked on behavioral economics, causal search algorithms, monetary economics and economic growth. His research has been published in the top academic journals including Economic Modelling, PloS one, Empirical Economics, Journal of Asian Economics, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Administrative Sciences, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management and SAGE Open.

At Sasin, he is currently the Head of Research Unit in Finance & Sustainability in Disruption Era. Previously he was the Assistant Director for Academic Affaris, Director of Executive Education Program, Sasin Endowment Fund Committee, Director of Ph.D. Program.

He studied piano under Dr. Nelson Harper at Denison University, Ohio (2004-2008), Irina Biryukova (2012-2015) and late John Raphael at the Delhi School of Music. He is currently working on releasing his first album Qinara - a collection of his pieces written for piano.

Prominent internationally, he has evangelized mobile operators, media & film companies, TV networks, brands, ad agency groups and platform providers on how to create and grow mobile revenues, impact and content on mobile devices and smart phones.

He co-founded the Zomba group, became the Executive Vice President of Capitol Records and Blue Note Records in Hollywood and started EMI Music´s global New Media division in the mid 90s. Simon founded the influential Mobile Entertainment Forum, and acts as its chairman as a high level adviser.

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He loves to start social movement based on cutting edge technology. In India, previously he worked on digital innovations for Kumbh Mela to create the safest festival in history. Now he is working on fast moving threats like the pandemic and social unrest using decentralization technologies.